Which of the following is NOT considered a traditional domain of military operations?

The military traditionally operates in three primary domains: land, air, and sea. These domains have been established and defined over centuries of warfare, where the strategic considerations and types of operations differ significantly depending on the environment. For example, land operations involve ground forces, air operations utilize aerial assets, and sea operations are conducted by naval forces. Each of these domains has well-defined tactics, strategies, and roles that military forces have developed over time.

In contrast, the cyber domain is a newer arena of military operations that has emerged alongside advancements in technology and the increasing significance of information warfare. While it plays a critical role in modern military strategy, especially in terms of security, communication, and intelligence, it is not considered a traditional domain like land, air, and sea. This distinction highlights how the evolution of warfare has expanded to include non-physical domains, illustrating the difference between established military domains and newer, non-traditional ones. Thus, cyber operations are recognized as essential but do not fit within the classic framework of military operations established over many years.